Bug report

Bug description:

Replacing an instance's __dict__ prevents LOAD_ATTR from specializing on Python 3.14 and current main. The same case specializes to LOAD_ATTR_WITH_HINT on Python 3.13.

import dis

class C:
    pass

obj = C()
obj.__dict__ = {"x": 1}

def f():
    return obj.x

for _ in range(100):
    assert f() == 1

dis.dis(f, adaptive=True)

Observed result:

3.13: LOAD_ATTR_WITH_HINT
3.14: LOAD_ATTR
main: LOAD_ATTR

instance_has_key() checks Py_TPFLAGS_INLINE_VALUES on the type and then searches the type's shared keys. After __dict__ has been replaced, however, the instance no longer uses its inline values. The attribute is present in the attached dictionary but not necessarily in the shared keys, so specialization is skipped.

This appears to have started with gh-123219, which introduced instance_has_key() in Python 3.14. I reproduced it on current main at f40043e0953323675843a3c275511596f30c80e9.

This affects Pydantic v2 models because pydantic-core installs validated fields by replacing the model's __dict__. In a fresh-process datamodel-code-generator benchmark with 500 JSON Schema definitions, a local prototype reduced median runtime from 354.5 ms to 327.7 ms across 11 alternating samples.

CPython versions tested on:

CPython main branch

Operating systems tested on:

macOS

Linked PRs

• gh-155962: Specialize LOAD_ATTR after replacing an instance's __dict__ #155963