[Java] JdbcFieldInfo is insufficient for proper type inference #35916

Describe the enhancement requested

The APIs only let us infer the type based on the data type, precision, and scale, effectively. But in the wild, there are always exceptions; for example, the JDBC driver for PostgreSQL maps both TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE and TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE to just Types.TIMESTAMP, so arrow-jdbc dutifully maps them both to naïve timestamps (wrong!).

• JdbcFieldInfo should expose all the available information it gets.
• For convenience, it should also work with DatabaseMetaData#getColumns.
• We need a way to override how JdbcConsumers are constructed. (ArrowVectorIterator hardcodes calls to JdbcToArrowUtils#getConsumer.)
• We should integration test with popular databases (PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQL Server, SQLite, DuckDB, others?)

Component(s)

Java