[Java] Support Java 17 #31200

Java 17 is the latest LTS version and we should definitely support. There are currently issues that need to be resolved.

Reporter: Antoine Pitrou / @pitrou
Assignee: David Dali Susanibar Arce / @davisusanibar

Related issues:

• [Java] InaccessibleObjectException when using JDK16+ (is duplicated by)
• [Java][Docs] Provide guidance on supported Java versions in README (is related to)
• [Java] Arrow's use of Netty library causes UnsupportedOperationException with JDK16 (requires)
• [Java] Illegal reflective access operation on JDK 11 (requires)
• [Java][CI]: Add support for Java 17 CI process (requires)

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #12941

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-15755. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}